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Registros recuperados: 425
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Detección de Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis en caprinos ubicados en una zona semi-árida en el municipio de Tecozautla Hidalgo Rev Salud Anim.
Méndez Olvera,Estela Teresita; Ramírez Lorenzo,Ingrid Nerina; Rojas Serranía,Nora; Olivares Orozco,Javier Lorenzo; Martínez Gómez,Daniel.
La paratuberculosis o «Enfermedad de Johne» es una enfermedad infecciosa que afecta a los rumiantes domésticos principalmente ovinos, bovinos y caprinos. El agente etiológico de dicha enfermedad es Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (Map) y los principales signos de esta enfermedad son pérdida de peso y diarrea crónica, ocasionados como consecuencia de la enteritis granulomatosa producida por Map. Esta enfermedad ocasiona grandes pérdidas económicas en el sector pecuario. En Estados Unidos se estimó para el 2001, una pérdida anual de 150,000 millones de dólares; en México no hay estudios económicos de las pérdidas ocasionadas por esta enfermedad y son pocos los trabajos sobre la presencia del agente etiológico en distintas áreas. El objetivo de este...
Tipo: Journal article Palavras-chave: Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis; Cabras; Diagnóstico; PCR.
Ano: 2013 URL: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0253-570X2013000300006
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DETECCIÓN DE PESTIVIRUS POR REVERSO TRANSCRIPCIÓN ACOPLADA A REACCIÓN EN CADENA DE LA POLIMERASA DE LA REGIÓN 5' cDNA NO TRADUCIDA Rev Salud Anim.
Díaz de Arce,Heidy; Pérez,L.J..
El género Pestivirus de la familia Flaviviridae incluye diferentes especies virales que causan pérdidas importantes a la industria ganadera en todo el mundo afectando bovino, ovino/caprinos y cerdos. La detección rápida, sensible y específica de estos agentes es por lo tanto esencial para el diagnóstico y control de estas infecciones virales. Se desarrolló y estandarizó un ensayo de RT-PCR para la detección específica de pestivirus en suero basado en una pareja de cebadores que amplifica un fragmento de 119 pb de una región altamente conservada en el extremo 5´UTR del genoma ARN del virus. Este ensayo mostró ser propósito específico, sensible y altamente repetible.
Tipo: Journal article Palavras-chave: Diagnóstico; Pestivirus; PCR.
Ano: 2008 URL: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0253-570X2008000300002
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DETECCIÓN DE UN DEFECTO GENÉTICO EN BOVINOS MEDIANTE UNA PRUEBA DE ADN. Agricultura Técnica
Felmer D.,Ricardo; Butendieck B.,Norberto; Butendieck B.,Bárbara; Villegas M.,Juana.
La deficiencia en la capacidad de unión de leucocitos bovinos a los antígenos, más conocida como BLAD, es una enfermedad hereditaria que resulta letal para el ganado de la raza Holstein. Su principal característica es ser una enfermedad autosómica recesiva que puede ser transmitida a la descendencia. El objetivo del trabajo fue estandarizar la metodología para realizar un diagnóstico de la enfermedad mediante técnicas moleculares y lograr una primera aproximación sobre la frecuencia génica del alelo mutado en algunas poblaciones de toros de la IX y X Región. En base a la amplificación del ADN mediante reacción en cadena de polimerasa (PCR) y posterior digestión con enzimas de restricción Taq I y Hae III, fue posible visualizar, mediante electroforesis en...
Tipo: Journal article Palavras-chave: Deficiencia de adhesión leucocitaria bovina; BLAD; PCR; RFLP; Holstein; Enfermedad.
Ano: 2001 URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0365-28072001000100005
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Detección e incidencia del fitoplasma Maize Bushy Stunt y su relación con el rendimiento en maíz en el Estado de Veracruz, México Colegio de Postgraduados
Alcántara Mendoza, Susana.
Una nueva enfermedad del maíz apareció en el estado de Veracruz, México durante 2003-2004. Síntomas de amarillamiento, enrojecimiento y posterior quemado de hojas, proliferación de mazorcas, jilotes raquíticos, falta de fecundación y granos vanos fueron parte del síndrome de la enfermedad. El fitoplasma Maize Bushy Stunt (MBS) se identifico por PCR se detectó en plantas con los síntomas antes descritos, en los municipios de Tlalixcoyan, Cosoleacaque y Paso de Ovejas en 2006 y 2007. Los genotipos CP-562, 30F83, 30F92, Orca, 30F96, Nutria y Asgrow 7573 resultaron positivos a la presencia del MBS, mientras que en 3086, 30F97 y CP-560 no se detectó la presencia del MBS en una plantación experimental en plantas sintomáticas en Tlalixcoyan, Ver. en 2006 y 2007....
Tipo: Tesis Palavras-chave: Maize Bushy Stunt; PCR; Incidencia; Resistencia genética; Genoma y homología; Maestría; Fitopatología; Maize Bushy Stunt; Incidence; Genetic resistance; Genome and homology..
Ano: 2009 URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10521/1574
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Detección e incidencia del fitoplasma Maize Bushy Stunt y su relación con el rendimiento en maíz en el estado de Veracruz, México Colegio de Postgraduados
Alcántara Mendoza, Susana.
Una nueva enfermedad del maíz apareció en el estado de Veracruz, México durante 2003-2004. Síntomas de amarillamiento, enrojecimiento y posterior quemado de hojas, proliferación de mazorcas, jilotes raquíticos, falta de fecundación y granos vanos fueron parte del síndrome de la enfermedad. El fitoplasma Maize Bushy Stunt (MBS) se identifico por PCR se detectó en plantas con los síntomas antes descritos, en los municipios de Tlalixcoyan, Cosoleacaque y Paso de Ovejas en 2006 y 2007. Los genotipos CP-562, 30F83, 30F92, Orca, 30F96, Nutria y Asgrow 7573 resultaron positivos a la presencia del MBS, mientras que en 3086, 30F97 y CP-560 no se detectó la presencia del MBS en una plantación experimental en plantas sintomáticas en Tlalixcoyan, Ver. en 2006 y 2007....
Palavras-chave: Maize Bushy Stunt; PCR; Incidencia; Resistencia genética; Genoma; Homología; Incidence; Genetic resistance; Genome; Homology; Maestría en Ciencias; Postgrado en Fitosanidad; Fitopatología.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10521/53
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Detección e incidencia del fitoplasma Maize Bushy Stunt y su relación con el rendimiento en maíz en el estado de Veracruz, México Colegio de Postgraduados
Alcántara Mendoza, Susana.
Una nueva enfermedad del maíz apareció en el estado de Veracruz, México durante 2003-2004. Síntomas de amarillamiento, enrojecimiento y posterior quemado de hojas, proliferación de mazorcas, jilotes raquíticos, falta de fecundación y granos vanos fueron parte del síndrome de la enfermedad. El fitoplasma Maize Bushy Stunt (MBS) se identifico por PCR se detectó en plantas con los síntomas antes descritos, en los municipios de Tlalixcoyan, Cosoleacaque y Paso de Ovejas en 2006 y 2007. Los genotipos CP-562, 30F83, 30F92, Orca, 30F96, Nutria y Asgrow 7573 resultaron positivos a la presencia del MBS, mientras que en 3086, 30F97 y CP-560 no se detectó la presencia del MBS en una plantación experimental en plantas sintomáticas en Tlalixcoyan, Ver. en 2006 y 2007....
Palavras-chave: Maize Bushy Stunt; PCR; Incidencia; Resistencia genética; Genoma; Homología; Incidence; Genetic resistance; Genome; Homology; Maestría; Postgrado en Fitosanidad; Fitopatología.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10521/53
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Detección Molecular de Estreptococos Cariogénicos en Saliva International Journal of Morphology
Salazar,Luis A; Vásquez,Claudio; Almuna,Alejandro; Oporto,Gonzalo; Santana,Roberto; Herrera,Christian L; Sanhueza,Antonio.
Streptococcus mutans y Streptococcus sobrinus han sido indicados como los principales agentes etiológicos de la caries dental. Sin embargo, los métodos microbiológicos y bioquímicos, disponibles actualmente en Chile, no permiten la rápida detección e identificación de estas bacterias. El objetivo de este trabajo fue implementar la metodología de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) para detectar la presencia de S. mutans y S. sobrinus en saliva. Participaron de este estudio 51 escolares (5 a 17 años), provenientes de cinco diferentes colegios de la ciudad de Temuco; a los cuales se les realizó recuento de estreptococos del grupo mutans en saliva por método microbiológico y la diferenciación de especies por la técnica de PCR. Los resultados mostraron...
Tipo: Journal article Palavras-chave: Caries; Streptococcus mutans; PCR.
Ano: 2008 URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-95022008000400027
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DETECCIÓN Y DIFERENCIACIÓN DE Mycoplasma gallisepticum Y Mycoplasma synoviae MEDIANTE LA TÉCNICA DE PCR A PARTIR DE HISOPOS TRAQUEALES DE AVES CON SÍNTOMAS RESPIRATORIOS Acta biol.Colomb.
VENTURA,CESAR E; RAMÍREZ,GLORIA; VERA,VÍCTOR.
Los micoplasmas son importantes patógenos en las aves por ser responsables de cuadros respiratorios que ocasionan grandes pérdidas económicas a la industria avícola alrededor del mundo. Existen principalmente dos especies de micoplasmas como causantes de enfermedad en aves comerciales, el Mycoplasma gallisepticum(MG) y el Mycoplasma synoviae(MS). Teniendo en cuenta su importancia y la necesidad de conocer y diferenciar las diferentes especies de micoplasmas presentes en las explotaciones avícolas, se tomaron 91 muestras de hisopos traqueales de aves con síntomas respiratorios, provenientes de igual número de granjas de pollo de engorde, ponedoras comerciales y reproductoras pesadas ubicadas en los departamentos de Cundinamarca y Boyacá, Colombia, y se...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Mycoplasma gallisepticum; Mycoplasma synoviae; PCR.
Ano: 2012 URL: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-548X2012000300005
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Detection and differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in clinical samples through PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis BJMBR
López-López,P.; Martínez-López,M.C.; Boldo-León,X.M.; Hernández-Díaz,Y.; González-Castro,T.B.; Tovilla-Zárate,C.A.; Luna-Arias,J.P..
Amebiasis is one of the twenty major causes of disease in Mexico; however, the diagnosis is difficult due to limitations of conventional microscopy-based techniques. In this study, we analyzed stool samples using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) to differentiate between Entamoeba histolytica (pathogenic) and E. dispar (non-pathogenic). The target for the PCR amplification was a small region (228 bp) of the adh112 gene selected to increase the sensitivity of the test. The study involved 62 stool samples that were collected from individuals with complaints of gastrointestinal discomfort. Of the 62 samples, 10 (16.1%) were positive for E. histolytica while 52 (83.9%) were negative. No sample was positive for E....
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Amebiasis; Neglected diseases; Diagnostic; PCR; DGGE; Adh112 gene.
Ano: 2017 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2017000400607
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Detection and molecular characterization of infectious laryngotracheitis virus in laying hens in Brazil Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Avic.
Villarreal,LYB; Brandão,PEB; Chacón,JLV; Doretto Junior,L; Ito,N; Gama,NS; Ishizuka,MM; Luchese,A; Buchala,F; Astolfi-Ferreira,CS; Ferreira,AJP.
Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis, caused by Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV), has been reported for decades in Brazilian laying and broiler flocks. More recently, outbreaks have occurred in São Paulo State. This study reports the application of PCR and DNA sequencing targeted to the p32 gene of ILTV using laying chicken samples from Bastos, São Paulo, Brazil. Three out of four field samples were positive by PCR. DNA sequencing of two samples evidenced homology of the amplified fragments with the p32 gene of ILTV. The results definitely confirmed the presence of ILTV in the birds during the outbreak. Further studies are needed to establish the sources of infection and to determine whether the detected virus was originated from vaccine or field...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Avian infectious laryngotracheitis; Brazil; P32; PCR; Sequencing.
Ano: 2004 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-635X2004000400011
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Détection et étude de la stabilité de l'ADN de virus de type herpès infectant les huîtres dans des échantillons d'eau ArchiMer
Vigneron, Vassilia.
Depuis 1991, des mortalités massives associées à des infections à herpès virus sont rapportées chez des larves et des juvéniles de différentes espèces de bivalves dans différentes régions du globe. Les études ont porté essentiellement sur la mise en évidence de la présence de ce type de virus chez les coquillages d'intérêt économique. Actuellement, l'intérêt se porte sur la persistance du virus dans le milieu marin, et cela dans le but de déterminer si le milieu constitue ou non un moyen de contamination des animaux. Le travail a constitué en une étude sur la persistance de la détection de l'ADN d'herpès virus (OsHV-1) afin de mieux appréhender les modes de dissémination et de transmission du virus. Dans un premier temps, la stabilité de l'ADN purifié et...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Herpèsvirus; Eau de mer; Détection; PCR; Persistance; Stabilité.
Ano: 2002 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00032/14350/11634.pdf
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Detection of bovine Clostridium perfringens by polymerase chain reaction J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis.
Piatti,R. M.; Ikuno,A. A.; Baldassi,L..
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to detect Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin gene (cpa) was used to identify eighty-nine C. perfringens strains obtained from bovine clinical material. The strains were biochemically characterized as C. perfringens. The isolated strains were cultured on plates containing brain heart infusion agar with 5% sheep blood under anaerobic conditions. DNA extraction was performed by boiling. The 324 bp amplification product of cpa was observed in all isolates. C. sordellii, C. botulinum, C. novyi, and C. septicum were also tested but did not produce any alpha toxin gene amplification. These findings suggest that PCR is a useful assay in identifying C. perfringens toxin types.
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Clostridium perfringens; PCR; Alpha toxin; Polymerase chain reaction.
Ano: 2004 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1678-91992004000200005
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Detection of Brucella abortus DNA in illegal cheese from São Paulo and Minas Gerais and differentiation of B19 vaccinal strain by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) BJM
Miyashiro,Simone; Scarcelli,Eliana; Piatti,Rosa M.; Campos,Fabíola R.; Vialta,Airton; Keid,Lara Borges; Dias,Ricardo Augusto; Genovez,Margareth E..
A total of 192 samples of illegal cheese from different regions of the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, Brazil, were analyzed for the isolation and detection of Brucella spp. DNA by means of microbiological culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. Samples that yielded positive results were submitted to the analysis of the occurrence of Brucella abortus (biovars 1, 2 e 4), as well as to the differentiation of DNA in B19 vaccinal strain or Brucella abortus field strain using PCR. Although the microorganism was not isolated from any sample, PCR detected 37 positive samples (19.27%) using genus-specific primers. From these, all (100%) were Brucella abortus. Differentiation of the strain showed that 30/37 samples (81.08%) were vaccinal...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Brucella abortus; B19; PCR; Cheese.
Ano: 2007 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1517-83822007000100005
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Detection of Brucella ovis in ovine from Paraíba State, in the Northeast region of Brazil BJM
Alves,Clebert José; Figueiredo,Salomão Moreira de; Azevedo,Sérgio Santos de; Clementino,Inácio José; Keid,Lara Borges; Vasconcellos,Sílvio Arruda; Batista,Carolina de Sousa Américo; Rocha,Vivianne Cambuí Mesquita; Higino,Severino Silvano.
To determine the presence of Brucella ovis in ovine from Paraíba State, in the Northeast region of Brazil, 80 animals slaughtered in the public slaughterhouse of Patos city were used. Before slaughter, blood samples were collected by jugular venopuncture from each animal, and after slaughter, testicles, epidydimus and uterus were aseptically collected. For the serological diagnosis of B. ovis and B. abortus infections, the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and Rose Bengal (RBT) tests were carried out, respectively. In addition, microbiological culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed on testicle, epidydimus and uterus samples. Six animals (7.5%) tested positive for the presence of B. ovis antibodies and all animals tested negative for the...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Brucella ovis; Isolation; PCR; Ovine; Paraíba State.
Ano: 2010 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1517-83822010000200016
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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical smears of sexually active women in Manaus-AM, Brazil, by PCR BJID
Santos,Cristina; Teixeira,Fabiane; Vicente,Ana; Astolfi-Filho,Spartaco.
Chlamydia trachomatis is now one of the most prevalent bacteria found in classic sexually transmissible diseases (STD), and as such, constitutes a serious public health problem. We examined the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in 121 sexually active women who sought treatment for STD in the Alfredo da Matta Institute of Dermatology and Venerology and the Institute of Tropical Medicine of Amazonas in Manaus, Brazil. These women were examined by a specific PCR for the chlamydial plasmid, and the nature of the amplicon was determined by restriction analysis and DNA sequencing. The PCR diagnosis revealed a prevalence of 20.7% infected women.
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Chlamydia trachomatis; PCR; DST.
Ano: 2003 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702003000200001
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Detection of cytomegalovirus infections by PCR in renal transplant patients BJMBR
Costa,S.C.B.; Miranda,S.R.P.; Alves,G.; Rossi,C.L.; Figueiredo,L.T.M.; Costa,F.F..
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the single most important infectious agent affecting recipients of organ transplants. To evaluate the incidence and the clinical importance of CMV infection in renal transplants in Brazil, 37 patients submitted to renal allograft transplants were tested periodically for the presence of cytomegalovirus DNA in urine using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and for the presence of IgM and IgG antibodies against CMV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). The PCR-amplified products were detected by gel electrophoresis and confirmed by dot-blot hybridization with oligonucleotide probes. Thirty-two of the 37 patients (86.4%) were positive by at least one of the three methods. In six patients,...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Transplantation; CMV; PCR; Kidney.
Ano: 1999 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X1999000800004
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Detection of different Staphylococcus aureus strains in bovine milk from subclinical mastitis using PCR and routine techniques BJM
Vieira-da-Motta,Olney; Folly,Márcio Manhães; Sakyiama,Cássia Camargo Hagen.
Contamination of fresh milk with Staphylococcus aureus was assessed comparatively through routine phenotypic (coagulase tube test and coagulase slide test) and genotypic (PCR) screening of 128 S. aureus strains isolated from 555 milk samples. These samples were collected from 362 cows with subclinical mastitis, hosted in different dairy herds at various locations of the Northern and Northeastern rural areas of the State of Rio de Janeiro, 39.7% of which were CMT-positive. All S. aureus isolates tested positive for the presence of the coagulase gene by PCR and the isolates could be grouped into four distinct classes according to the size of the PCR product. The strains also yielded variable results when assayed with coagulase test. Taken together, these...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Bovine mastitis; Staphylococcus aureus; Coagulase; PCR.
Ano: 2001 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1517-83822001000100007
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Detection of Ehrlichia canis in domestic cats in the central-western region of Brazil BJM
Braga,Ísis Assis; Santos,Luana Gabriela Ferreira dos; Ramos,Dirceu Guilherme de Souza; Melo,Andréia Lima Tomé; Mestre,Gustavo Leandro da Cruz; Aguiar,Daniel Moura de.
Ehrlichiosis is a worldwide distributed disease caused by different bacteria of the Ehrlichia genus that are transmitted by arthropod vectors. Its occurrence in dogs is considered endemic in several regions of Brazil. Regarding cats, however, few studies have been done and, consequently, there is not enough data available. In order to detect Ehrlichia spp. in cats from the central-western region of Brazil, blood and serum samples were collected from a regional population of 212 individuals originated from the cities of Cuiabá and Várzea Grande. These animals were tested by the Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) and the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) designed to amplify a 409 bp fragment of the dsb gene. The results obtained show that 88 (41.5%) cats were...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Ehrlichiosis; Feline; PCR; IFA; Ticks.
Ano: 2014 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1517-83822014000200036
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Detection of enterotoxins genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from foods BJM
Cunha,Maria de Lourdes Ribeiro de Souza da; Peresi,Eliana; Calsolari,Regina Adriana Oliveira; Araújo Júnior,João Pessoa.
Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused by ingestion of enterotoxins preformed in the food contaminated essentially through human manipulation or raw material obtained from animals. Although coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus is the main agent responsible for food intoxication, some researches emphasise that coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are able to produce staphylococcal enterotoxins and may be a potential cause of food poisoning. In the present study CNS were isolated from foods and the toxigenic capacity of the strains determined. A total of 88 food samples were analysed and 22.7% were positive for CNS strains. Staphylococcal counts ranged from 3.0 x 10² to 1.4 x 10(6) CFU/g or mL of food examined. S. epidermidis predominated among the...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Coagulase-negative staphylococci; PCR; Enterotoxins.
Ano: 2006 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1517-83822006000100013
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Detection of equine herpesvirus 1 DNA in a single embryo and in horse semen by polymerase chain reaction Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec.
Carvalho,R.; Passos,L.M.F.; Oliveira,A.M.; Henry,M.; Martins,A.S..
The genome of one equine embryo and three equine semen specimens collected from a Brazilian farm were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of EHV-1 and EHV-4-specific timidine kinase (TK) sequences. The PCR detected specific EHV-1 TK gene sequences in all samples tested. The peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) of the embryo donor mare also was amplified by EHV-1 TK primers. Infectious virus was not recovered from any specimens. The animals did not show any clinical signal of EHV-1 or EHV-4 infections. EHV-4 was not detected in the studied specimens. The results indicate that PCR was more sensitive than virus isolation in cell culture for detecting EHV-1 in semen of carrier horses.
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Equine; Semen; Embryo; EHV-1; EHV-4; PCR.
Ano: 2000 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-09352000000400002
Registros recuperados: 425
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